We refer to the combined use of animations with textual explanations and pedagogical agents in cognitive modeling as animated models.

In addition, developments in computer technology have facilitated the authoring and application of pedagogical agents, that is, computer-based characters that support learners with verbal feedback and guidance in order to engage them in more active learning (Clarebout et al. At the same time, rapid developments in computer and software technology in the last decades have enabled the use of dynamic visualizations, such as animations and video, to illustrate abstract cognitive processes or concepts (Casey 1996 Chee 1995). Cognitive modeling concerns covert cognitive processes that have to be explicated in order to become observable for a learner. The application of cognitive modeling in learning environments that focus on problem solving and reasoning in a variety of domains is increasingly advocated by modern educational theories (Collins et al. Observing a model that performs the desired actions and behavior has been a successful and well researched instructional technique for the last 30 years in the field of motor learning (McCullagh et al. Implications for the design of animated models are discussed. no) and instruction method (study–practice, practice–study, study–study) only the first hypothesis was confirmed. In a 2 × 3 factorial experiment ( N = 90) with the factors illusion of control (yes vs.

Moreover, we hypothesized that learners who first studied an animated model and then solved the same problem would perform better on transfer than learners who studied the same animated model twice or who first solved the problem and then studied the animated model. It was hypothesized that illusion of control would impede transfer performance compared to a condition without illusion of control.

Cognitive load theory was used to investigate how learners could be stimulated to engage in genuine learning activities. Animated models explicating how a problem is solved and why a particular method is chosen are expected to be effective learning tools for novices, especially when abstract cognitive processes or concepts are involved.

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